We show, first, that the normalization procedure for S4 modal logic presented by Dag Prawitz in [5] does not work. We then develop a new natural deduction system for S4 classical modal logic that is logically equivalent to that of Prawitz, and we show that every derivation in this new system can be transformed into a normal derivation.

Embora a logica seja, de urn modo geraJ, concebida como um ramo da filosofia, suas aplic~oes via muito alem dos limites de qualquer disciplina isoladamente considerada (SALMON, 1993). Seu papel principal e fomecer meios para determinar a rel~o de consequencia que vige entre as premissas e a conclusao de urn dado argumento. Dentre as tecnicas utilizadas que possibihtarn garantir esta rel~o destaca-se a tecnica por redu ¢oao absurdo por ser amplamente aplicada nas cienciasdesde a antiguidade. Suaideiabasics residenofatodequeumapropo si~ nio pode (...) ser verdadeira se dela deduzimos uma contradi ~o. Pretende-se, entio, apresentar a estrutura logica de tal tee niea de demonstracao a partir de urn dado sistema formal da logica classica. (shrink)

“El museo en camino” nace de la reflexión colectiva de un grupo interdiciplinar de mujeres artistas, docentes y arquitectas sobre arte, educación e infancia. El objetivo es difundir los valores artísticos, culturales y sociales del Camino de Santiago y presentar el patrimonio gallego del Museo de Pontevedra a niñas y niños de pequeñas poblaciones del camino Portugués. Para ello se diseña un recurso pedagógico, el museo portátil, acercando una experiencia museística y de experimentación plástica. Como registro y práctica final evaluativa (...) se monta una exposición didáctica. (shrink)

Embora a logica seja, de urn modo geraJ, concebida como um ramo da filosofia, suas aplic~oes via muito alem dos limites de qualquer disciplina isoladamente considerada (SALMON, 1993). Seu papel principal e fomecer meios para determinar a rel~o de consequencia que vige entre as premissas e a conclusao de urn dado argumento. Dentre as tecnicas utilizadas que possibihtarn garantir esta rel~o destaca-se a tecnica por redu ¢oao absurdo por ser amplamente aplicada nas cienciasdesde a antiguidade. Suaideiabasics residenofatodequeumapropo si~ nio pode (...) ser verdadeira se dela deduzimos uma contradi ~o. Pretende-se, entio, apresentar a estrutura logica de tal tee niea de demonstracao a partir de urn dado sistema formal da logica classica. (shrink)

Taller, estudio, laboratorio, fábrica… el espacio de trabajo del artista ha ido tomando diversos nombres, asumiendo diferentes formas y configuraciones. Pero en esencia se trata de un espacio funcional donde cada artista crea y produce su obra. Es un contexto altamente simbólico, activo y performativo, un lugar ideal para la ejecución de acciones y procesos en los que explorar la fenomenología del medio como un espacio educacional.“Espacio de artista” es un proyecto artístico-pedagógico que toma el estudio o taller en tanto (...) que mediador de la experiencia artística dentro del XXII Salón del libro Infantil e Xuvenil de Pontevedra. (shrink)

Livro-texto de introdução à lógica, com (mais do que) pitadas de filosofia da lógica, produzido como uma versão revista e ampliada do livro Forallx: Calgary. Trata-se da versão de 13 de outubro de 2022. Comentários, críticas, correções e sugestões são muito bem-vindos.

El punto de partida de este artículo es que tanto el trabajo de J. Rawls La teoría de la Justicia, como la Teoría Feminista han contribuido enormemente al resurgimiento de la Filosofía Moral y Política. Mi objetivo aquí es mostrar las relaciones existentes entre la Teoría de Rawls y la Teoría Feminista, y particularmente analizar las críticas feministas de "justice as fairness" en el contexto de un estudio más general sobre Teorías contemporáneas de la Justicia y sobre la relación de (...) la Justicia en Teorías Feministas. (shrink)

In the introduction to his famous book, La Science et l’hypothèse, Poincaré remarks on the necessary role and legitimacy of hypotheses. He establishes a triple classification of hypotheses, dividing them into verifiable, useful, and apparent. However, in chapter 9, entitled ‘Les hypothèses en physique’, he gives a slightly different triadic classification: natural hypotheses, indifferent hypotheses, and real generalizations. The origin of this second classification is a lecture given at the International Congress of Physics, Paris, 1900. What are the similarities and (...) differences between these two classifications? My main purpose is to provide a possible equivalence between the two classifications in order to clarify the role of hypotheses in Poincaré’s epistemology of natural science. The discussion will be based on the two fundamental texts mentioned above and on the contrast between Poincaré’s use of the notion of hypothesis and that of some of his contemporaries. (shrink)

This paper aims at understanding the concept of convention in mechanics as a notion transferred from the field of jurisprudence. This enables us to clarify it as a new epistemic category having a pertinent role in the transformation of mechanics in the nineteenth century. Such understanding permits a separation from linguistic and arbitrary conventions, thus highlighting its epistemic features and not transforming fundamental principles into mere arbitrary agreements. After addressing the main references in the literature discussing the role of convention (...) in mechanics, we analyze its classical use as a concept originating from law. Then we explain its use by Carl G. Jacobi, Ferdinand F. Reech, and J. Henri Poincaré. Here we also show how their uses conform to the features analyzed regarding conventions in jurisprudence. Finally, we try to explain how the use of this concept, among other factors, contributed to the transformation of mechanics. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to argue that there existed relevant interactions between mechanics and geometry during the first half of the nineteenth century, following a path that goes from Gauss to Riemann through Jacobi. By presenting a rich historical context we hope to throw light on the philosophical change of epistemological categories applied by these authors to the fundamental principles of both disciplines. We intend to show that presentations of the changing status of the principles of mechanics as (...) a mere epiphenomenon of the emergence of non-Euclidean geometries are inaccurate, that the relations between the two disciplines were richer than what is usually considered in the literature. These claims will be based on historical and philosophical arguments, starting from the fact that disciplinary boundaries at the time were not rigid as we are used today. It is widely known that the main figures we target worked in different areas, which is a first piece of evidence for the plausibility of our main thesis. (shrink)

Much of the focus on Poincaré’s philosophy of science has been on the notion of convention, a crucial concept that has become distinctive of his position. However, other notions have received much less attention. That is the case of verifiable hypotheses. This kind of hypotheses seems to be constituted from the generalization of several observable facts. So, in order to understand what these hypotheses are, we need to know what a fact to Poincaré is. He divides facts into brute and (...) scientific facts. The characterization of this duality is not trivial at all, and leads us to the following questions that we will discuss in this paper: which the part of construction that exists in a scientific fact and which the part of translation, that is, what remains from the brute fact in the scientific one?; and when we conceive a generalized hypothesis, are we supposed to do it from scientific or from brute facts? The clarification of these questions could lead to distinguish the part of construction and the part of translation in the first steps of science, which is essential to get a better understanding of Poincaré’s conception of science. (shrink)

It is relevant to interpret the perception that students with disabilities, teachers, and managers have about an inclusive educational program, to identify and describe the facilitators and barriers during the training of those students; analyze the relevance of the inclusive program from the perceptions of the participating actors; and assess the program's supports from the perception of students with disabilities. This is a mixed investigation of sequential design and phenomenological approach carried out through surveys and in-depth interviews with the actors.

We show, first, that the normalization procedure for S4 modal logic presented by Dag Prawitz in [5] does not work. We then develop a new natural deduction system for S4 classical modal logic that is logically equivalent to that of Prawitz, and we show that every derivation in this new system can be transformed into a normal derivation.

Poincaré’s conventionalism has been interpreted in many writings as a philosophical position emerged by reflection on certain scientific problems, such as the applicability of geometry to physical space or the status of certain scientific principles. In this paper I would like to consider conventionalism as a philosophical position that emerged from Poincaré’s scientific practice. But not so much from dealing with scientific problems, as from the use of two specific methodologies proper to modern mathematics and the modern natural sciences: methodological (...) structuralism and the hypothetical-deductive method—thus, as a philosophical position which emerged from a way (or rather, two ways) ofdoingscience. With this approach, I try to deepen the analysis of connections between Poincaré’s scientific practice and his philosophy. (shrink)

Guest Editors’ introduction to the Monographic Section.

The controversy between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry arose new philosophical and scientific insights which were relevant to the later development of natural science. Here we want to consider Poincaré and Helmholtz’s positions as two of the most important and original ones who contributed to the subsequent development of the epistemology of natural sciences. Based in these conceptions, we will show that the role of philosophy is still important for some aspects of science.

Este artículo comenta una conferencia de Louis de Broglie de 1952 en la que se replantea sus ideas iniciales sobre la mecánica cuántica. Defenderemos la tesis de que, en ese trabajo, pese a la referencia al indeterminismo, el objetivo del físico francés es presentar una interpretación causal de esta teoría y no poner de manifiesto su indeterminismo. Así, analizaremos la noción de causalidad que presenta con el objetivo de separarla del determinismo. Estructuraremos la noción presentada por de Broglie en tres (...) partes y la conexión entre las mismas. Para separar causalidad de determinismo utilizaremos una definición no restrictiva de esta noción y presentaremos los problemas que tiene la noción de causalidad utilizada por de Broglie. Finalmente, defenderemos una interpretación de las ideas de de Broglie más como una concepción filosófica que científica y ofreceremos alternativas filosóficas a la misma. (shrink)

Muita da literatura sobre a filosofia da ciência de Poincaré tem estado focada na noção de convenção, um conceito crucial que identifica a sua posição. No entanto, há outras noções que têm recebido menos atenção. Este é o caso das hipóteses verificáveis. Este tipo de hipótese parece ser constituído a partir da generalização de vários fatos observáveis. Assim, para compreender o que são estas hipóteses, temos de saber o que é um fato para Poincaré. Ele divide fatos em brutos e (...) científicos. A caracterização desta dualidade não é de tudo trivial, e nos leva às seguintes questões que discutiremos neste artigo: (1) qual a parte de construção que existe num fato científico e qual a parte de tradução? Isto é, o que permanece do fato bruto no fato científico? E (2) quando concebemos uma hipótese generalizada, a generalização é feita a partir dos fatos científicos ou dos fatos brutos? A clarificação destas questões pode levar a distinguir a parte de construção e a parte de tradução desde os primeiros passos da ciência, o que é essencial para conseguir uma melhor compreensão da concepção de ciência de Poincaré. (shrink)

En este artículo se aborda la cuestión de la ciudadanía y el cosmopolitismo. En primerlugar se señala la necesidad de una lectura de género de la ciudadanía a nivel nacional einternacional. En segundo lugar, se ocupa de la revisión del legado clásico del cosmopolitismoy la propuesta de feminismo internacional de Martha C. Nussbaum. Se concluye quela idea de una ciudadanía nacional y transnacional que ofrecen las concepciones pluralistas,trternacionalistas y de ciudadanía globnl se articula meJor con las demandas de e iudadaníade (...) las mujeres. (shrink)

Recensión de Amorós, Celia, Tiempo de feminismo. Sobre feminismo, proyecto ilustrado y pos/modernidad, Ediciones Cátedra, col. Feminismos, Madrid, 1997, pp. 463.

En este artículo se plantea la pertinencia de hablar de una filosofía política post-rawlsiana. Con el fin de situar el contexto de la cuestión de lleva a cabo un chequeo limitado y tentativo de la filosofía política actual de habla inglesa y una relectura de la historia de la filosofía política de poguerra. Lo que se persigue es estimar críticamente el "antes" y el "después" de Rawls e identificar la especificidad y problemas del modo de hacer filosofía política propuesto por (...) los post-rawlsianos, por los epígonos de Rawls. Por último se sostiene la pertinencia de tina filosofía política post-rawlsiana en un sentido critico, pluralista que responda a los retos del presente. (shrink)

This paper is based on the idea of equality as one of the great questions of political philosophy, therefore, controversial, not static, with different dimensions. From this perspective, given the strong reemergence of the feminist movement and the exponential increase in inequalities, some tensions, debates and dilemmas that affect the understanding of equality are examined. Thus, focusing on politics, the end of feminism and gender equality, its expansion and progress are addressed taking into account the increase in inequalities, the participatory (...) turn and finally, equality as claim and commitment. It concludes with the need to think politically on equality, without losing the trail of freedom, retaining its structural character. (shrink)

El texto aborda uno de los temas de la violencia contemporánea, la violencia política de las mujeres. A partir de los problemas para nombrar la violencia y de los análisis de A. Cavarero sobre el «horrorismo», se centra en dos casos: la muerte de Yoyes y las mujeres bombas suicidas chechenas, mostrando las construcciones sociales y culturales de sexo/género, sus mitos y estereotipos, en cuanto constituyen una de las raíces más profundas y persistentes de la violencia. En definitiva, de lo (...) que se trata es de reflexionar y comprender la vulnerabilidad de la condición humana. (shrink)

The participation of families in schools where their children study is a recurring research topic. This field tends to address the perception of parents or teaching staff. This work is novel in that it considers what teachers, and not families, do to facilitate this participation. The purpose of this work has been to contrast a theoretical model with a multidimensional questionnaire designed to obtain information on the assistance provided by teachers to improve parental involvement in schools. It will allow us (...) to lay the foundations for the content necessary for the initial and permanent training of teachers. Then, an initial questionnaire was created and, after being subjected to expert judgment, it was applied to 225 Spanish teachers, using a quantitative and a non-experimental methodology. After calculating the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and applying the structural equation model, a questionnaire was obtained that had satisfactory construct validity and reliability. (shrink)

La maternidad subrogada constituye uno de los temas más controvertidos entre los muchos de esta índole que afectan al uso y disposición del cuerpo de la mujer. Razones de índole ética, sociológica y jurídica convergen para argumentar a favor y en contra de una práctica que, queramos o no, se halla cada vez más extendida. Al igual que sucede en otros temas relacionados con el cuerpo femenino, como el aborto o la prostitución, las diferentes posturas están cada vez más distanciadas (...) y los márgenes para alcanzar puntos de encuentro resultan demasiado estrechos. Estamos convencidas de que el primer deber académico es huir de una neutralidad simple que a todos contente; pronunciarse con argumentos es la tarea que nos corresponde y el que, a sabiendas del riesgo que corremos y de que nuestra postura tampoco puede ser definitiva, este trabajo pretende. (shrink)

Much of the focus on Poincaré’s philosophy of science has been on the notion of convention, a crucial concept that has become distinctive of his position. However, other notions have received much less attention. That is the case of verifiable hypotheses. This kind of hypotheses seems to be constituted from the generalization of several observable facts. So, in order to understand what these hypotheses are, we need to know what a fact to Poincaré is. He divides facts into brute and (...) scientific facts. The characterization of this duality is not trivial at all, and leads us to the following questions that we will discuss in this paper: which the part of construction that exists in a scientific fact and which the part of translation, that is, what remains from the brute fact in the scientific one?; and when we conceive a generalized hypothesis, are we supposed to do it from scientific or from brute facts? The clarification of these questions could lead to distinguish the part of construction and the part of translation in the first steps of science, which is essential to get a better understanding of Poincaré’s conception of science. (shrink)